Medieval Genealogy: Selected texts
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by Stewart Baldwin [This article first appeared Mon, 18 Nov 1996 02:53:19 GMT on soc.genealogy.medieval] Recent discussions regarding the kings of Denmark during the vague period immediately prior to Gorm "the Old" have prompted me to make an outline of the Danish kings from an earlier, better documented time:
The following is an outline of the kings of Denmark which are known
from contemporary or near contemporary sources from the beginning of
the eighth century up to the year 887, when the contemporary sources
dry up for a while. Rather than adopt somebody else's interpretation,
I have gone straight to the primary sources themselves, showing what
they say about the matter, with a minimum of interpretation on my
part. Thus, I have not attempted a genealogical table, which would
require a significant amount of such interpretation (combined with a
liberal amount of guesswork).
About 710, St. Willibrord visited the Danes, at the time ruled by Ongendus, and returned with 30 boys to instruct in Christianity, but no further details are known of Ongendus (other than the fact that he was "more savage than any beast and harder than stone"). [See Alcuin's life of St. Willibrord, translated in C. H. Talbot, "The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany" (London and New York, 1954), especially pp. 9-10. Strictly speaking, Alcuin was not a contemporary, but he was pretty close.] A gap with an unknown number of kings.
He could have been a predecessor of Sigifrid, or he might have reigned in between Sigifrid and Godefrid. He is referred to very vaguely as a former king in the events recorded in the Frankish annals of 812. Relative (son or brother?) of Harald i:
The Saxon leader Widukind fled to King Sigifrid in 777 [ARF]. A certain Halfdan ("Halptani") appears as a emmisary of King Sigifrid to Charlemagne in the year 782 [ARF]. Sigifrid is last mentioned in 798 [ARF], when Charlemagne sent an envoy to King Sigifrid. Uncertain period, 798-804. Godefrid may have succeeded Sigifrid directly at some time between 798 and 804, or it may be that this is the period when Harald i ruled.
First appears in the year 804 [ARF], when he came with his fleet and entire cavalry to Schleswig, on the border of his kingdom and Saxony, exchanging envoys with Charlemagne. Godefrid attacked the Obodrites in 808, which resulted in an engagement with the Franks in which his brother's son Reginold was killed [ARF]. A conference between representatives of Godefrid and Charlemagne in 809 led to no agreement [ARF], and Godefrid attacked the Frisians in 810, but was murdered by one of his retainers later that year [ARF], being succeeded by his brother's son Hemming. Sons of Godefrid:
Succeeded Godefrid, and in 811 [ARF] made peace with Charlemagne, the Danes at the peace treaty being Hemming's brother's Hankwin and Angandeo, along with Osfrid nicknamed Turdimulo, Warstein, Suomi, Urm, Osfrid (son of Heiligen), Osfrid of Schonen, Hebbi, and Aowin. Hemmings death in 812 [ARF] resulted in a civil war. Relatives: See Godefrid above.
Sigifrid ii was nepos of Godefrid, and Anulo was nepos of the former king Harald i. Both were killed in the resulting struggle, but Anulo's party won, and his brothers became kings. It is unclear whether the two factions in this civil war (i.e., the relatives of Harald vs. the relatives of Godefrid) were two different families or two different branches of the same family. [Note: This battle in 812 was the ultimate source of the famous (but quite fictional) "Battle of Bravalla" which is a part of the pseudohistory given by the sagas. The two claimants, Sigifrid (i.e., Sigurd) and Anulo (confused with the Latin word for ring (annulus), and translated as "Ring"), were combined into the mythical "Sigurd Ring", who was made the victor (and survivor) of the battle, and Harald was transformed into the loser. This is just one of many examples which shows how completely unreliable the sagas are for the history of Denmark during this early period.]
Harald ii and Reginfrid became loint kings in 812, following the civil war, and requested that Charlemagne send them their brother Hemming, who was then a hostage [ARF]. In 813, peace was sworn again, and Hemming was returned to Denmark, but the Harald and Reginfrid were with an army in Westarfolda [i.e., Vestfold] in the extreme northwest of their kingdom, where the people had refused to submit to them. When they returned "after conquering the Britons" [That's what the translation of the chronicle says, but I assume it is a slip of the pen for Westarfolda, as Britain had been mentioned in the previous sentence that described the location of Westarfolda.], the sons of Godefrid gathered an army, and drove Harald and Reginfrid out of Denmark, assisted by Danish nobles who had been in exile with the Swedes. [This very tantalizing chronicle entry, the earliest contemporary reference to Vestfold, has been the basis of numerous theories. Since Harald and Reginfrid appear as enemies of the men of Vestfold and as enemies of the sons of Godefrid, it has been assumed by some that the sons of Godefrid were based in Vestfold, which has in turn led to the suggested identification of Godefrid and the Yngling king Gudrod, despite the apparent chronological difficulties.] In 814, Reginfrid was killed when he and Harald attempted to regain the kingdom, and Harald sought the help of the new emperor Louis I. In 819, Harald allied himself with two of the sons of Godefrid to drive out the other two, and entered into a joint ruling arrangement which lasted until 827, when the sons of Godefrid drove him out. In 826, he had been baptized at St. Albans in Mainz, and was given the county of Rustringen in Frisia. In 841, Harald was granted Walcheran by the emperor Lothar [AB]. His death is mentioned in the Annals of Fulda under the year 852, but in wording which does not make it clear whether his death was in that year or at some time previous. Sons of Harald ii:
The sons of Godefrid are not named in the earlier annals referring to this reign, and it is only the most prominent (or last surviving?) one who actually receives a name in the sources. At the beginning, Horik ruled jointly with at least four brothers, of whom the eldest was killed in 814 when Harald and Reginfrid attempted to recover the throne [ARF]. In 819, two of the sons of Godefrid made an alliance with Harald ii against their other two brothers, and drove them out of the country, and Harald ii then ruled jointly with the two remaining brothers (which presumably includes Horik i, although that is not explicitly stated) until 827, when they drove Harald out. An attempt by Harald to regain the throne in 828 was unsuccessful, and this is the last time that the sons of Godefrid are referred to in the plural, so Horik's brother and joint ruler may have died shortly after that time. The annals mention Horik on numerous occasions during the next couple of decades [for example, AB 836, 838, 839, 845, 847], and the political situation in Denmark seems to have been relatively stable during this period. In 850 [AB], Horik was attacked by two of his nepotes, and forced to share the kingdom with them. This situation was only temporary, as Horik died in 854, in a battle against his brother's son Gudurm [AF], in which a large number of the Danish nobility perished. AF, which is sometimes prone to exaggeration, states that after this civil war, only one boy remained of the royal family, who is generally presumed to have been Horik ii.
He is believed to have been the immediate successor of Horik i, but the annals are silent about the name of the Danish king for a few years after the disaster of 854. In 857, Horik ii allowed Rorik to occupy the part of the kingdom between the sea and the Eider [AF 857]. Horik ii was still alive in the year 864, when a letter was addressed to him by Pope Nicholas I. [For a copy of the letter (in Latin), see Migne's Patrologiae, vol. CXIX, 379-80.]
In 850 [AB], Rorik attacked Frisia and the island of Betuwe, and the emperor Lothar then granted Rorik Dorestad and other counties. With his kinsman Godefrid, son of Harald ii, he made an unsuccessful attempt to gain the Danish throne in 855, but returned to Dorestad [AB]. In 857 [AF], Rorik was allowed by king Horik ii to occupy the part of Denmark between the sea and the Eider, but this may not have lasted long, as Rorik is faound in Frisia in later records. He was driven out of Frisia in 867 [AB]. He held talks with Charles the Bald in 870 and 872 [AB], who appears to have found him as a dependable ally. Rorik was still alive in 873 [AF], his last known appearance in the records. [There have been attempts to identify him with the famous Russian Rurik, but I find the identification unconvincing.]
A certain Sigifrid was raiding on the Charente in France in 865 [AB], but it is not clear if that was the same man. It is generally assumed that he was the immediate successor of Horik ii, although this is not certain. His year of succession is unknown, but it was between 864 (when Horik ii was still king) and his first appearance as king in the annals in 873 [AF]. According to one redaction of AF, Sigifrid was baptized in 882, but the name Sigifrid may be an error for Godefrid. Sigifrid died in 887 [AV]. Brother of Sigifrid:
With the death of Sigifrid iii, the contemporary sources for the history of Denmark end temporarily. The earliest source for the following period is Adam of Bremen (late 11th century). |